---
title: "Tamusni ur Nettwawali ara n LLMs"
description: "Yal yiwen iṭṭafar asteqsi d tririt. Tamusni tella gar-asen, yerna ulac win i tt-imuqulen. Mraw wussan di Hexa, ssuq n tidet, d tsedda n uḥric ur nesɛi ara bab ar tura."
canonical: https://www.askgib.com/kab/articles/the-unobserved-intelligence-of-llms
last-updated: 2026-08-17
lang: kab
---
# Tamusni ur Nettwawali ara n LLMs
> Yal yiwen iṭṭafar asteqsi d tririt. Tamusni tella gar-asen, yerna ulac win i tt-imuqulen. Mraw wussan di Hexa, ssuq n tidet, d tsedda n uḥric ur nesɛi ara bab ar tura.
By Gibril Bachouchi. Filed 2026-08-17. 7 min read. Web page: https://www.askgib.com/kab/articles/the-unobserved-intelligence-of-llms
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Tibṛandin țwaglayent i imsaɣen-nsent sɣur tmacint, deg uḍris ur t-ẓrin werǧin mi d-yettwaru, i d-ibnan seg tɣbula ur ferrin ara. Tuget-nsent tura xellṣent ḥedd akken ad t-id-yeḥsu.
Yal yiwen iṭṭafar asteqsi d tririt. Tamusni tella gar-asen, yerna ulac win i tt-imuqulen.
Zik imdanen țaran awalen deg ubawaḍ yerna ttafen mraw n isiliwen izegzawen. Tezmreḍ ad t-tḥesbeḍ. Amḍiq 3 i "running shoes", amḍiq 8 i "trail running shoes". Yesseɣli lḥal, maca d tidet.
Tura imdanen țaran tafyirt. Amudam iɣra-tt, iqeṭṭeɛ d acu i bɣan s tidet, ibḍa-tt ɣer wecṭuḥ, iruḥ ad inadi ɣef tɣawsiwin, ile ugar-is, sakin yura aḍris. Tabṛant ama d-tban deg uḍris-nni ama xaṭi.
Yal ayen yesɛan azal yeḍra-d di tlemmast. Tlemmast d asenduq aberkan.
Yal aneccab seg-sen d amkan anida tabṛant tekcem, neɣ anida i tt-ttwaḍeggeṛ. Ulac win yezzenzen GEO ass-a i izemren ad ak-yini anwa aneccab i k-inɣan. Zemren ad ak-inin kan belli ur telliḍ deg uḍris aneggaru.
Atan ayen yerẓan aqerru n medden mi d-ttasen seg SEO.
Steqsi yiwen usteqsi snat n tikkal, ad d-tafeḍ snat n tririyin mxalafen. Steqsi-t s wudem xeffif mxalfen, ad d-tafeḍ agraw n tɣbula mxalfen. Steqsi-t azekka, ad yuɣal mxalef daɣen. Ulac amḍiq 3. Yella ala *distribution*.
Ihi lxedma d lxedma n usefrer:
- **Ur d-tesseqdaceḍ ara asteqsi yiwet n tikkelt. Sseqdec-it n twalatin.** Yiwet n tririt d taqsiṭ kan. Meyya n tririyin d aḥsab. "Amḍiq n uneccab 34% ± 6" yesɛa lmeɛna. "Neḍra-d" ulac lmeɛna.
- **Sedduklet isteqsiyen s lqaṣd-nsen, mačči s wawalen-nsen.** "Ahsen CRM i terbaɛt tamecṭuḥt" d "d acu n CRM i ilaqen i sdawiyen n 5 medden" d yiwen usteqsi i yelsan snat n licuca. Ma tḥesbeḍ-ten am snat n tririyin, ad ternuḍ aḥsab yerna ad tettuxdaɛeḍ s yiman-ik.
- **Ḥseb ugar n tebɣest kan.** Amḍiq n uneccab. Amur n taɣect zdat n imnafaɛen yettwassnen s yisem. Amkan deg tririt. Aḥulfu mi tettwabder tabṛant. D acu i d-yettwabedren am taɣbalut akken ad d-yefk lḥeqq i uneccab.
- **Ḥseb aẓrar, mačči kan alemmas.** Tabṛant yettwabder 90% deg yiwen umudam yerna 10% deg wayeḍ ur tesɛi ara ugur n 50%. Tesɛa snat n uguren mxalafen.
- **Ḥwaǧeḍ *control*.** Ur nella xaṭi, ur tezmireḍ ad teẓreḍ ma yella d agbur-ik i ixedmen kra neɣ d amudam kan i yettwaleqqmen s tteswiqa.
D wagi i d azgen n usleḍ n uḥric meṛṛa: ismenyifen n usefrer, asdukel, aweḍ ɣer wanwa i d-yesbabben (attribution), tilisiwin n leɛtimad. Yeqreb ugar ɣer unadi asfaɛli wala ɣer SEO.
### Tamatiktikt i d-yettarrayen azal-is s tidet
Kraḍ n yifecka i ixeddmen tuget n lxedma dagi.
**Aẓrar n Wilson: i wsteqsi "neṭṭqen s tidet?"**
Amḍiq n uneccab d amur, yerna almus ɣer wadda n usnamek amagnu yerẓ mi ara n yili n yefdan drus neɣ mi ara yiban amḍiq qrib ɣer 0 neɣ ɣer 1, ay-tt-nni s tidet anda ttɛicent tibṛandin. Wilson ur yerẓ ara. Yerna yesken-ak azal n ufdan i tesseḥwaǧeḍ uqbel: akken ad tḥesbeḍ amḍiq n uneccab ɣer ±5 n unaḍuf s 95% n leɛtimad ḥwaǧeḍ azal n 400 n twalat n usteqsi-nni. Ɣer ±10, azal n 100. Ma yella tableau-ik yeqqar-d umḍan seg 20 kan n twalat, yeqqar-d ala ccwal.
**Aselɣu n Beta-Binomial: i wsteqsi "yebdel?"**
Sers amḍiq n uneccab n yal agraw n usteqsi am *posterior* n Beta. *Prior* seg waggur iɛeddan, *likelihood* seg twalatin n tmerna-ya, sakin *posterior*. Yesduklu leɛtimad s tidet ula deg yiseqdec drus, yerna yesnernay tuget n izeḍwan ɣef wakud deg umkan n a ḍeggeṛ ayen yellan simana-yekka, yerna yefka-yak-d srid P(amḍiq yuli) deg umkan n *p-value* ur yezmir ḥedd ad t-yefsi.
**Bayes: i wsteqsi "anwa alugan i tt-ibedlen?"**
D win i teǧǧa medden. Twalaḍ tabder. Ayen tebɣiḍ d P(asebter-nneɣ amaynut i d-yesbabben aya | tabder), yerna ayen tezmreḍ ad tḥesbeḍ d P(tabder | asebter yettwabder). Bayes iqleb-it, yerna *prior* d amḍiq amagnu n tbder war usebter-nni s timmad-is. Xdem-it yerna tuget n usteqsi "agbur-nneɣ ixdem lxedma" ad yeɣli. Amḍiq amagnu yella yakan ɛlayen yerna ula d yiwen ur t-yesteqsa. Akkenni daɣen i uzrar n tɣbula: mi ara tili tabder, anwa seg tɣawsiwin-ik i d-yettwabedren, s uẓrar n wamek i d-yettwabder aya ugar.
**KL divergence: i wsteqsi "acḥal i yebɛed ugraw-nneɣ n usaɣzen ɣef tilawt?"**
Sedduklet isteqsiyen s lqaṣd-nsen, ḥseb *distribution* ɣef leǧnas i ugraw-ik n usaɣzen d *distribution* niḍen i tikruz tarawt, sakin ḥseb tabɛad. KL (neɣ Jensen–Shannon, i yesɛan asemgired, yerna d aḥric agar), yefka-yak-d yiwen umḍan i wamek i yettuɣal ugraw-ik n usaɣzen d aẓaway. Mebla isteqsiyen n tidet ur tezmireḍ ara ad t-tḥesbeḍ. D ugur asusmi n yal tswiqa i yesqedcen kan ayen yettwasaɣzen. Ur zmiren ara ad ḥesben ttuccḍa-nsen s yiman-nsen.
Sin niḍen, s wudem awezlan: **difference-in-differences** mgal agraw n *control* n tibṛandin i yemcabin, akken abdil n umudam simana-yekka ur d-yettwaru ara am rrbeḥ-ik; d **usemsel n twalatin timkassin**, axaṭer ma tjeṛbeḍ 200 igrawen n usteqsi s `p<0.05`, ad tafeḍ mraw n yigmaḍ "yesɛan azal" seg lḥasab kan.
Sseqdaceɣ mraw wussan-nni akken ad mmeslayeɣ akked medden s tidet. Tikebbaniyin i yesɛan ugur, d tikebbaniyin i yezzenzen adwa. Profound d wid-nniḍen deg tegrawt-nni.
Ssuq d azgen n tidet. Aẓayan d azgen n tidet. Tibṛandin ttmuqulent abrid ur zmirent ad walin, yerna yettimɣur.
Maca qrib akk kra sɛeddin ɣef **isteqsiyen isaɣzen**. Amudam issufuɣ-d tabdart n isteqsiyen i imsaɣen "izemren" ad steqsin, yerna tsedda-nni tḥesseb widak. D tafɣent. Yeddu mliḥ akken ad izenz. Nekk daɣen bnaɣ s isefka isaɣzen, yerna ufiɣ azal n asnas s zzerb.
Mazal-it d aḥsab. Aḥsab yelsan lqeḍɛa iṣebḥen ɣef d acu i țaren s tidet yimdanen. Yerna ugur wis sin yeɣleḍ ugar: ula s isteqsiyen imellalen, ala aḍfar d ufaris i tetmuqul. Tlemmast mazal-itt tberket. Ur tesɛiḍ ara isteqsiyen izzayen. Ur tesɛiḍ ara isteqsiyen i d-yekker uxeddim-nsen. Ur tesɛiḍ ara tiɣbula i ttwaḥesben sakin ttwaḍeggeṛen.
Aru-d amgired yerna ad twaliḍ anida yerẓa.
Snat n truẓi, yerna mtekksent. Truẓi tamezwarut tebɣa ad d-tini: tessefreḍ i yisteqsiyen ur d-yesteqsi ḥedd. Truẓi tis snat tebɣa ad d-tini: ula mi ara d-terbḥeḍ, ur tezmireḍ ad tiniḍ d anwa seg ibdilen-ik i t-id-yesbabben, ihi aɣtas i d-iteddun d aḥsab daɣen. Amgired ur nesɛi tirra tazedgant mačči d amgired. D tarbibṭ n uḍayen s tableau ittwaqnen ɣur-s.
Arraz d isefka nesa. Isteqsiyen n tidet, tiɣimatin n tidet, ideɣlen n tlemmast n tidet. Win yesɛan aya ur d-yeḥsab ara tlemmast. Yezmer ad tt-iẓer.
Yal tasnaɛt n isefka tettawi-d s teggara kraḍ n tseddarin timkassin, yerna yelha ad teẓreḍ deg wanwa i telliḍ.
**Tasedda tamezwarut: asaḍwal.** Ɣur-s isefka izgan seg wanda i d-kkan. Ipanlen, icraḍen (crawlers), aḍfar n usiḍi, lqebḍat, ijeṛṛiden n telecom. Yettxes deg tebni, ɣlay, ur nesɛi lḥila. Arbaḥ igerrzen akk, aweɛr akk ad yettwaqleb.
**Tasedda tis snat: tasleḍt.** Tessuḍ neɣ tesɣa isefka iberraniyen, tesseflay-iten, tessunɣam-iten, terra-ten d isekyaden d imedyaten, tezzenz-d tableau. Tuget n startups țɛicent dagi axaṭer d amkan afessas i ubeddu.
**Tasedda tis kraḍ: asnas.** Tesba s isekyaden, txeddem lxedma. Tikebbaniyin, ifecka, ḥwanet n ugbur. Qerbent ugar akk ɣer uɣrud n umsaɣ, yerna arbaḥ-nsent d neqṣan akk.
Aṭas n tikkal yella umettaɣ gar 1 d 2 (LiveRamp, Snowflake Marketplace, wid izzenzen isefka n tkarḍiwin) i yesɛan lxedma-nsen kan d anaql n isefka seg wid ten-yesɛan ɣer wid ten-yebɣan.
SEO taqdimt tettbin s wudem izeddgen deg wannect-a. Asaḍwal yella d icraḍen akked ipanlen n uḍfar n usiḍi i d-yettwazenzen s tsusmi sɣur tudsan n uḥsayed d issatiyen. Tasleḍt d Semrush d Ahrefs, yerna sfeḍ belli bennun icraḍen-nsen s yiman-nsen, ihi ṭṭfen tasedda 1 d 2, yerna d wagi i d ssebba i imɣuren annect-a. Asnas yella d yal takebbanit n SEO ɣef ddunit.
Snat n tlugar d-ffɣent seg waya, yerna d nettant i yeqerrun anwa i izemren ad yidder:
- **Tasedda 2 s timmad-is teḥwaǧ ad tuɣal d asnun.** Ma yella mraw n tkebbaniyin sɣan yiwen n uɣbalu, akk ad d-inin yiwen umḍan yerna ad ttnaɣent ɣef ussisen d ssuma.
- **Tasedda 1 tezmer ad taɛli ɣer 2 d 3 melmi tebɣa. Werǧin teddu s webrid udmi.**
Tura muqel ssuq n GEO ass-a. Qrib akk win teṭṭafar d takebbanit n tsedda 2 mebla tasedda 1 ddaw-s. Ulac aɣbalu ara sɣan, axaṭer isefka-nni ddren deg ijerriden n uzeṭṭa n medden-nniḍen. Ihi snulfuyen-d amdan-nni yellan ur nelli (isteqsiyen isaɣzen), yerna zzenzen tasleḍt sennig isefka i snulfan iman-nsen.
Isteqsiyen n tidet d tiɣimatin n tidet d tasedda 1 n tesnaɛt-a, yerna ula d yiwen ur ten-yesɛi ar tura.
Ur ak-ten-yettak ara. D nettat i d lxedma meṛṛa, yerna dinna i mmten tuget n tikta di tesnaɛt-a s tsusmi.
Ulac win iɣ id-innekren yebɣa ad ak-izzenz amazray-is n isteqsiyen. Ulac ala snat n iberdan n tidet:
1. **Bnu kra i bɣan medden ɣef ssebba niḍen s lekmal.** Tanfa ibeddun s yiman-is, ara ten-isseqdacen ula ma werǧin tenniḍ i isefka-nsen. Isefka d agmuḍ n wazal i tefkiḍ yakan. D wagi i wamek tesnaɛt n isefka i yeddan werǧin, teddu.
2. **Xelleṣ fell-as.** S ssertu. Aɣ isefka seg wid ten-yesɛan, yerna beyyen d acu i tettaɣeḍ d acu-ɣef.
Yal kra niḍen d ugur n tbaḍnit neɣ d asirem kan.
Talast-a mačči d tamawt tamecṭuḥt ɣef tsedda-nni. **D nettat i d tasedda.** Yal takebbanit n GEO i d-yewweḍen ɣer isefka n tikli n tidet uqbel wiyaḍ ur trebbeḥ ara s 10%. Teḥbes ad testeqsa mi wiyaḍ mazal-iten ttestqsayen.
Amsekyad yezga isezdeg lqaṣd seg usteqsi-k. Yeɣra iɣtas d acu ara inadi fell-as. Yeɣra iɣtas d acu ara yeṭṭef. Tasnigi-nni ttwabennu ass-a, sɣur yal yiwen, s zzerb.
Ad iban yesɛa azal i yal takebbanit i izenzen kra, ad tfehmeḍ ayen i yeḍran gar usteqsi d tririt, d anwa tigawin i d-yewwin ɣer d acu n tririt, yerna ad tt-tḥesbeḍ seg isefka n tidet mačči seg isefka isaɣzen.
Tura aḥric asusem, axaṭer tuget n wid izzenzen deg uɣrud-agi ur t-id-qqaren ara. Wagi d amkan yelhan akken ad tiliḍ deg-s, maca i wakud yeḥded kan.
Snat n tɣawsiwin ara yeqqnen tawwurt.
Tamezwarut d asaḍuf. Izerfan n isefka țemsulayen deg yal tamurt s yiwet n tikkelt, yerna akk țemsulayen deg yiwen ubrid. Ajmaɛ n isefka n tikli, aseqdec-nsen, akked uɛawez-nsen, yal yiwen deg-sen yuɣal aweɛer ugar, iɛeddel ugar, yeɣla ugar. Takebbanit i ɣur-s rrbeḥ-ines yezga ɣef uḥraz n isteqsiyen n tidet d tɣimatin n tidet, d takebbanit i ɣur-s rrbeḥ-ines yezga iqrib ɣer wass anda asaḍuf ad tt-yerr d amihi.
Tis snat, d belli isefka ad ḥebsen ad ilin d imectaḥ. Ayen nniɣ uqbel, belli isteqsiyen isaɣzen d aḥsab yelsan lqeḍɛa iṣebḥen, d tidet ass-a yerna ittader s tidet yal tlata waguren. Muqel tikkelt-nniḍen amek i tebna tlemmast: asezdeg n lqaṣd, tabḍa, asufeɣ, afran. Yal yiwen seg-sen d amecwar i yesselkem umudam, d acu yebɣa ad yini yezmer ad yili d amecwar i izemren umudam a t-yeɛiwed, melmi ara t-id-ssutren. Melmi umudam yezmer ad d-yesnulfu *distribution* iṣeḥḥan n wayen steqsayen medden s tidet, azal yellan i win i t-iẓran yettader s telqey.
Ssuma n wamek ara t-txedmeḍ s yiman-ik tettader deg wakud-nni s yiman-is. Asselkem n ugraw n isteqsiyen kra n twalatin timeqranin akked lḥsab n tsetatistikt fell-as mačči d aḥsab iɣlayen, yerna yettader yal aseggas. Ass-a tesɣiḍ tsedda i wannect-a. Zik ad yili d lxedma ittwasersen s wudem awurman deg tsedda-inek s yiman-ik, yerna ula d yiwen ur d-yesɣa tableau i lxedma ittwasersen s wudem awurman.
Sakin lḥes aneggaru, d nettat i ɣ-ilaq ad t-nɛas. Ilaboratwaren ṭṭfen aḥric-nni kan i ur nezmir ara ad ittwamuqel deg annect-a. Melmi umudam s timmad-is yuɣal d sselɛa kan, yerna yeddu ɣer da, ḥwaǧen idrimen ur nelli d tokens. Uzenzi n usufeɣ ibnan ɣef ayen yeḍran gar usteqsi d tririt d abrid iban akken ad ssnernin idrimen-nsen s iberdan niḍen, yerna d nutni kan i izemren ad t-zzenzen mbla ma steqsan turagt i ḥedd. Ass-nni, yal takebbanit n GEO ur nelli d aɣbalu-ines, tzenzen tikta i uɣbalu-ines s yiman-is izemren ad tent-id-yefk srid.
Ihi ttɛassa ccwal. Tirmatin n idrimen timeqqranin, ismawen n lqedra, tawsit ara yibanen d Semrush wis snat azal n kraḍ n iseggasen. Kra seg idrimen-nni d wid n tidet. Tuget n iɣezran-nni mačči d wid n tidet.
Mazal ttamneɣ d yiwen seg imukanen igerrzen akk akken ad tiliḍ deg-s. Ur ẓriɣ ara akken ad ẓriɣ ma d amkan yelhan akken ad tqimeḍ deg-s.
Ufiɣ akk annect-a deg mraw wussan deg incubateur n Hexa. Aql-ik, ttaken-ak ugur, lxedma-k d ad tbeggneḍ tikti-nsen tesɛa azal. Aya i d lɛahed.
Mačči d ajerrib n uxemmem kan. Tikti tesɛeddi seg mraw wussan-nni s aṭas s deffir-s armi ad yerr Hexa azal n 750,000 uṛu akken ad tebnu, yerna la tt-tekemmel akked umeddakel-iw.
Ur ttwafernaɣ ara akken ad kemmleɣ, maca mazal-t d yiwen seg mraw wussan igerrzen akk i ɣur-i seg zik. Ugur n tidet, imseqdacen n tidet ɣef tilifun, ssuq n tidet, ulac aḥeqqer. Lxedma tebedd.
Ad t-xedmeɣ tikkelt-nniḍen azekka (maca tikkelt-a akked YC 🤣).