Yettwaxdem deg Tmazɣa

Bdu send amezruy. Ɣer tama n Sṭif, deg yiwen wadeg iwumi qqaren Ɛin Bucrit, imusnawen n tesnaqdimt ssufɣen-d allalen n uẓru i yesɛan azal n 2,4 imelyan n yiseggasen. Aya yerra-ten gar wid iqdimen akk i yettwafen beṛṛa n Tefriqt n Usammar. Yella win i yettgezzimen aksum dagi s uẓru yettwasemsed, zik uqbel ad yili win yessnen ad t-yaru.

Syin, Sahara tella d tazegzawt. Ɣef yiẓra imeqqranen n Tasili n Ajjer, deg unzul aɣemmuq, imdanen sunɣen ayen i walan: izirafen, isaffen, d tqeṭṭiɛin n yizgaren s yimeksawen-nsen teddun ɣer yidis-nsen. D yiwet seg tzeqqwin timeqqranin akk n tẓuri ddaw yigenni deg umaḍal, yerna tesskanay-d imdanen yessnen yakan ad ḥerzen lmal.

Imaziɣen uran daɣen. Tira taqdimt talibikt-tamaziɣt ttwakkten deg uẓru seg lqern wis sḍis send Lmasiḥ. Tarwa-s, Tifinaɣ, mazal-itt ɣef yiwelhen n yiberdan d tewwura n tḥuna ass-a. Drus n yigemmayen iqdimen akka i mazal ttwasqedcen yal ass.

Inumiden sɛan iɛewdiwen igerrzen akk deg umaḍal aqdim, yerna ttrekben-ten war llejam, ssenfalen-ten s yiwen wemrar fessusen d yiḍarren-nsen. Deg Zama, deg 202 BC, imnayen inumiden n ugellid Masinisen i yessefran ammenɣ i yerzan Ḥannibal. Aɛewdiw-nni yellan deffir-sen, aɛewdiw abarbri, yella deg uẓar n uɛewdiw anadalusi d waṭas n yiɛewdiwen i d-yusan deffir-s.

Yiwen weqcic seg Qerṭaǧa yettwawi ɣer Ṛuma d akli. Yuɣal d amaru n umezgun Terentius, yerna Iṛumaniyen semman-as Afer, Afriqi. Deg 163 BC, yura yiwet n tefyirt mazal ttɛawaden-tt yimdanen deffir sin igiman n yiseggasen, yerna tezmer ad tili d tanfalit n umagrad-a akk.

Deg 25 BC, Ṛuma terra yiwen n mmi-s n ugellid amaziɣ d agellid n Muritanya. Yuba II yeḥkem seg Caesarea, Cercell n ass-a, ɣer umalu n Dzayer, yerna yella d amusnaw ugar n userdas. Yura idlisen ɣef tjeɣrafit d yimɣan. Isemma yiwen n yimɣi s yisem n umejjay-is, Euphorbus, yerna yal euphorbia deg tḥanut n yimɣan mazal tesɛa isem-nni. Ibeḥriyen-is wwḍen ɣer kra n tegzirin deg Atlantik yeččuren d iqjan imeqqranen. Deg tlatinit, aqjun qqaren-as canis. D tigzirin Kanari.

Kra n tsuta deffir-s, yiwen wergaz seg Madawros, M'Daourouch n ass-a, yeqqar-d ɣef yiman-is d azgen Anumidi d azgen Agetuli. Isem-is Afulay. Yura Aɣyul n ureɣ, taqsiḍt n yiwen wergaz i yuɣalen d aɣyul. D ungal alatini kan i d-yeqqimen yemmed akk.

Yiwen weqcic i yeɣran deg tmdint-nni yimɣur deg Tagast, Suq Ahras n ass-a. Deg 397 AD, yebda yettaru adlis ɣef tudert-is, ɣef tuccḍiwin-is d ccekk-is. D Awgustin, yerna Tiɛtirfin qqaren-asent s waṭas tameddurt tamezwarut i yura umdan ɣef yiman-is deg Umalu. Yal adlis n yiktayen deg uxxam-ik yekka-d seg-sent.

Tihert kra n yisem-nniḍen zik. Ɣer useggas 900, d Tahert, tamdint tameẓẓuft tamezwarut deg tfeggagt n tmurt, yella zik yiwen umusnaw isem-is Yahuda Ibn Quraysh. Yuran-d yiwen tuṛaǧut i Yehuḍiyen n Fas, ideg yeqabel tutlayin Ɛebranit, Aṛamanit d Tɛeṛabt, yerna yebyen belli ttwaqṛaben. Yeɛreḍ daɣen tamaziɣt, tutlayt i yesla deg tqeṛṛiyin. Imdanen n tsekla qqaren-as aqdim n tsekla n tutlayin Semitiqen. Tasekla n tutlayin ur tesɛi ara isem zik.

Deg tegdiwin n Leqbayel tamecṭuḥt, ḥdaya n Jijel, yella yiwen ṭṭayfa n Imaziɣen i yettwaqqaren Kutama. Deg yiseggasen n 900 ddan d lǧiš n wedrar amaynut, Fatimiyen. Deg 969, lǧiš-nni yuɣal ɣer tlelli, yerna yekcem ɣer Lmasr. Amqeddem-is yesnulfa tamdint tamaynut ddaw tmdint tazeqqa, yesmma-tt al-Qahira, ayen yeṭṭfen. Akka i tt-tessneḍ s Lqahira. Ɣef tmes-nni, lǧamaɛ ameqqran al-Azhar yeldi iẓelmaden-is, yerna mazal yesselmed ass-a. Yiwet seg tmdinin imezwura deg umaḍal, yettwasnulfa-d s ssebba n lǧiš n Leqbayel.

Tura aḥric i ḥemmleɣ akk, axaṭer yeḍra di Tmurt n Leqbayel. Ɣer taggara n yiseggasen n 1100, yiwen unezzuz seg Pisa yella yettḥekkim ɣef tḥanut n tmdint-is deg Bgayet, yerna yewwi-d mmi-s yid-s. Aqcic yelmed amḍan ɣur yiselmaden n temnaḍt, s wuṭṭunen ihinduyen-iɛraben s talɣa i sen-ttaran deg Tmazɣa. Mi yuɣal ɣer Ṭelyan, yura deg 1202 adlis i yesselmden Turuft ad tḥesseb s 0 ar 9 deg wadeg n wuṭṭunen iṛumaniyen. Deg-s yella yiwen wurar ɣef yiwtal, tiririt-is teddu 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13. Aqcic-nni d Leonardo n Pisa. Kečč tessneḍ-t s yisem Fibonacci. Uṭṭunen i tettaruḍ yal ass wwḍen ɣer Turuft s Bgayet. Tamdint tella zik ṣeḥḥ s iselmaden. Yiwen seg-sen, Ibn Mu'ti, d Azwawi, isem iqduman n Iqbayliyen. Yesuffeɣ tqeṣṣiḍt n elf n izuran ɣef tɣawsa n tutlayt Ɛeṛabit, u tqeṣṣiḍt-nni tamezwarut deg tɣawsa n Ɛeṛabit tettḍeffer tamedyant-is.

Bgayet tefka ula d awal i tefransist. Tamdint tettnuzu ccmeɛ n tzizwit deg akk Agrakal, yerna Ifṛansisen semman-as Bougie. Deg yiseggasen n 1300, taftilt s tefransist d bougie. Yal tikkelt i tt-iceɛɛel yiwen deg Paris, yeqqar isem n yiwet n lmersa taqbaylit.

Deg 1370, deg Qsenṭina, yiwen aqeḍi isem-is Ibn Qunfud yemmed-d ɣef tesnemdit. Mi yekteb ɣef tḥesbeḍ, ur d-yeskaddab ara awalen s tmerna. Yesseqdac izamaren ɣef uḍfar d tmerrayin-is. Yella yiwen seg tuɣalin imezwura n ufelfel s tɣawsiwin, qbel Al-Qalasadi, win i yettwaqqaren s wayen i d-yufa. Kull x yeddan deg uqeṛṛu n tsekla yuɣal seg yiwen tikkelt am tikli-nni.

Deg 1377, yiwen umusnaw yeffer deg yiwen n lbeṛj iwumi qqaren Qelɛa n Ibn Salama, ɣer tama n Tihert, yerna yura acḥal n wagguren. Ibn Xaldun yesteqsa acuɣer tigeldiwin ttkeccment u ttɣellint, amek mɣurent temdinin, amek lxeṛṛaj yenɣa tadamsa i t-yettxellisen. Lmuqeddima-s qqaren-as s waṭas amahil amezwaru n tesnemdit. Yella yetxemmim ɣef tdamsa ukuẓ n leqrun uqbel Adam Smith.

Deg 1391, Lispanya ṭṭfen tusti n Yehuḍiyen. Imdanen iḥeqqan seg ṭṭafa n lbeḥr ɣer Lmeɣrib s tmerrayin. Sin rabbanen usan-d ɣer Lezzayer: Yiṣḥaq ben Ṣeššet, i yettwaqqaren Ribaš, d Simeon ben Zemah Duran, i yettwaqqaren Rašbaṭṣ. Deg 1394 bdan ad aɣen tiɣawsiwin n tanemmirt n Yehuḍiyen n Lezzayer. Tiririyin-nsen n tudrar, s mmiten n tesrawin, ttwaɛreḍent ula d tura, ttwasemmiyent s rebbiḥin. Ɣef wakud, Lezzayer tella d yiwen seg tmdinin n tsekla n tudrar n Yehuḍiyen.

Ɛli ibn Ḥamza yuɣal deg Lezzayer, yexdem d amḥasab deg lxezna n Ɛeṯmaniyen. Deg 1591, deg Lmakka, yemmed-d ɣef yiwen usekkil n tḥesbeḍ. Yeṭṭef-d 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 ɣer ddaw 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. Sya ula, asemmed n yiwen seg snat n tlelli yuɣal d asiwel n snat n tneḍ. Dagi d ayen i d-yesɛan lugaritmat. John Napier yessufeɣ tiɣawsiwin tamezwarut n lugaritmat deg Skuṭland deg 1614, 23 n iseggasen sɣur-s. Wiyiḍ qqaren belli Ibn Ḥamza yefka-d lugaritmat. Ayagi ur iṣeḥḥ ara. Deg 1544, yiwen usekkil alamani yesɛa snat n tɣawsiwin-nni, ula Ibn Ḥamza ur yefki ara abrid n tḥesbeḍ s yiwen n tɣawsa. Maca yiwen Lezzayri yeṭṭef ɣef tazwara qbel Napier.

Dɣa deg tegdiwin n Leqbayel, kull taddart tessawal iman-is. Tajmaɛt-is tettḥeḍṛ deg tlemmast n taddart, tessuffeɣ ilugan, tettaɣ izeqqafen. Taddarin ɣuṛent ilugan-nsen, Lqanun, aṭas ten-yettwaktiben. Iẓeqqafen ɣur-sent s tuɣalin n lɣerma, mačči s tḥebsa neɣ s uẓubbu. Ɣef tjmaɛt kan i yeqqim urgaz, ayagi ur d-yelli ara am tmurt n tudert n tura. Maca mi ssekten Ifṛansisen ilugan-nni deg 1800s, ssuɣalen-d tufrar i ṛeẓẓ s ilugan n taddarin i yeqqimen ssinsen iman-nsen iseggasen.

Sakin tiɣawsiwin timecṭuḥin, tid i k-yesseḍsayen. Deg 1840, iserdasen ifṛansisen yettwaḥeṣṣren deg Mazagran, ɣer tama n Mustɣanem, ɣab-asen lqut. Qqaren swan lqahwa-nsen s waman isemmaḍen. Wwin-d aɛwayed-nni ɣer tmurt-nsen, yerna iqahwiyen n Paris qeddmen-t s yisem mazagran. D yiwen seg yimenzayen n lqahwa tasemmaḍt, yerna deg Portugal mazagran mazal-it d lqahwa ɣef ugris.

Tecfiḍ ɣef Mɛesker? Lamir Ɛebdelqader ilul ɣer tama-s, yerna yessenhar amennuɣ mgal Fṛansa seg tɣaltin-is. Mi yettwanfa ɣer Dimaceq, deg 1860 yeldi axxam-is d yiɛessasen-is i yigiman n yimasiḥiyen deg yiwen n unɣi ameqqran, yerna yessellek tudert-nsen. Croix-Rouge ass-a tḥesseb-it gar imezwura n yizerfan n ṭṭrad. D wagi i d asefk n tidet n Mɛesker i umaḍal.

Deg 1880, yiwen umejjay aserdas afransis deg Qsenṭina yerra aqeṭṭur n yidammen n yiwen userdas yuḍnen ddaw umikruskup-is, yerna iwala-d kra n tɣawsiwin timecṭuḥin s talɣa n uggur ttmuttuḥent. Alphonse Laveran yufa-d aparazit i d-yettawin lmalarya. Yerbeḥ Arraz Nobel ɣef waya deg 1907.

Deg 1902, deg lǧnan n yiwen n uxxam n yigujilen deg Misserghin, ɣer tama n Wehran, yiwen uṛahib iwumi qqaren Gma Clément yesdukel tamandarint d tcinat. Lfakya tamaynut tella d tazidant, fessuset i uqecceṛ, yerna drus maḍi n yiɛeqqayen i deg-s. Teṭṭef isem-is. Taklimantint ass-a d yiwet seg lfakyat n leḥmeḍ i yettwaznuzun ugar deg umaḍal, yerna tlul-d deg Lezzayer.

Wehran tkemmel tefka. Yves Saint Laurent ilul dinna, yerna deg 1966 yessels i tlawin smoking, Le Smoking, yerna ibeddel ayen i tezmer ad tels tmeṭṭut i tmeɣra. Wehran tefka daɣen i umaḍal Rray, aẓawan i yettḥulfun am tmeɣra n zzwaǧ d tnekra deg yiwet n tegnit.

Mouloud Mammeri yuɣal deg Ayt Yenni, taddart n Leqbayel i tettwaqqaren s tikli n tfeḍḍa-s. Imeẓẓiyen imuslimen d Yehuḍiyen ṣeṛṛfen-tt din s wayen, s tfeqqust d tɛella d uṭṭun n lmerǧan. Mammeri yemmekta isefra n Si Mohand, amuddu n Leqbayel, yerna yektab aglam n tmaziɣt s tmaziɣt. Deg Mars 1980, lmaḥkama tt-yeḥbes adlis-is ɣef tɣawsiwin tiqburin n Leqbayel deg Tizi Wezzu. Tidlisin ṛuḥent, sakin tiqbilin tamaynut. Ayagi yeḥṣṣel Lerbiɛ n Tmaziɣt. Tasleḍt i d-yeddan deg lerbiɛ-nni ddant deg yiseggasen, ula d deg 2016, tmaziɣt tella tutlayt tajerrart n Lezzayer.

Qsenṭina tella daɣen. Claude Cohen-Tannoudji yuɣal din deg 1933, deg yiwen wedrar n Yehuḍiyen i yeqqimen deg Lmeɣrib seg wakud i ten-ɛerrqen Lispanya qbel tqeṛṛunin. Yuɣal d ufizisyan deg Paris, yesseqdac taɣawsa n tafat i yessuɛlen iḥlalen s tmerrayin n tafat n uẓar. Deg 1997 yewweḍ s tfrawt n Nobel deg tfizik ɣef uɣawsi-nni. Tiyetilin n tmerrayin i yessenɣan tiṭṭawin ssemmiḍen ṭṭfen ddaw tsewwiṭ-nni.

Yerna učči aqdim akk deg tebdart yewwi-d lkaɣeḍ-is d aneggaru. Seksu d amaziɣ. Deg 2020, Lezzayer, Lmerruk, Tunes d Muritanya, timura ur nemsefham ara ɣef waṭas, sbedden-t akk deg yiwet n tikkelt, yerna UNESCO terna-t ɣer tigemmi n talsa. Yiwen n uɛeqqa yettwasewwen s uḥeggu, yettwabḍa gar akk medden.