Assurance d akellex

Afares

Tetxellseḍ assurance yal aggur ɣef ɛeceṛa iseggasen. Werǧin tessutreḍ kra n usuter.

Sakin yeḍra-d kra. Tessutreḍ asuter. Tura tuɣaleḍ am ḥdedd n ukellex.

Ifrigen ttuɣalen ɣer adjuster i ttwaktilen lxedma-s s wacḥal n udrim i takebbant ur d-tesselli ara. Ssutren-d ifecka. Ssutren-d ugar n ifecka. Sferren-d tigertilin ur teɣriḍ ara di lqud ur d-turiḍ ara. Bbsen-ak ssuma drust. Ǧerren akud waggur-waggur.

Neɣ ad tqebleḍ 40% n wayen i d-yusan, neɣ ad tkereḍ awsen-llem syin ad tennaɣeḍ sin n iseggasen.

D assurance. D afares.

Ukkuẓ n yigiman n yiseggasen

Tikti n usurance d tameqqert. Code n Hammurabi, yetwarna azal n 1750 BC di Babilun, yegber tiririt tunsibt tamezwarut. Inezzayen ssutren-d aseldi i wukcal s lebḥer. Ma teqqers nnafi neɣ tegmida ttukres sɣur iqursaren, aseldi ur ittwarra ara. Ises iguzed aɣamem. Awsiwwen "bottomry," d aɛeqqu n yal aɛqed amazgan n assurance.

1750 BC

Code n Hammurabi yefser bottomry (Babilun)

Asergel n waɣamem s yiman-is d aqdim ugar. Inezzayen Icinwiyen n yiɣzran, azal n 3000 BC, beṭṭuen tegmida-nsen sennig kraḍ n nnufat akken yiwen uqqers ur ten-id-itruḥ. Iruman llan ɣur-sen tagrumma n umadel, i deg ulleyna sserɣaben adrim amecṭuḥ deg lkulun i isedduri tinefqit n umadel mi yemmut yiwen seg-sen. Iqcicen n yidurar tt-iɛiwanen mi yejjam llmal neɣ arrac. Akk d assurance, s lmena tamezwarut n wawal: tarbaɛt n imdanen i jemɛen adrim akken ad ur yili win itwaqlɛen s lehlak.

600 BC

Inezzayen Ihindiyen sakin Igrikiyen ḍafaren bottomry

50 AD

Tigrumma n umadel n Iruman, assurance tamezwarut n tudert/madel

1347

Apulisi amezwaru n lebḥer di Genoa

1552

Pedro de Santarém isuffeɣ-d adlis amezwaru ɣef assurance

1666

Adfeg ameqqran n London, Nicholas Barbon yebna takebbant tamezwarut n assurance n tmes

Aselkim i ifrigen tudert tamazgant yebda di London coffeehouse deg 1688. Aqahwi n Edward Lloyd yuɣal d amkan i inezzayen, bab n nnufat, d isnafaren. Mi yesseḥwaǧ ḥedd assurance i wasifer, manifeste n tegmida itheddel-d. Isnafaren i bɣan aḥric ad rcmen ismawen-nsen ddaw n ifecka, akken qebbalen ad sutren aḥric n weɣamem. Acaṛa-nni d ssbab i wawal "underwriter." Lloyd's of London mazal yetɛic. Tura d ssuq n $50+ mliyaṛ.

1688

Aqahwi n Edward Lloyd yelli, Lloyd's of London ilul

1769

Lloyd's yuɣal d ssuq n underwriting

1900

Tikebbaniyin n assurance n tidet d-skecmen

1965

Buffett yeṭṭef Berkshire Hathaway, yaɣ takebbanit-is tamezwarut n assurance deg 1967, yerna tukrist n float tebda

Ass-a

Ssuq amaḍlan ~$7T n premia; reinsurance ~$500B

Float

Tikti tamezwarut tcebeḥ. Aleɣ amazgan d uleɣ-nniḍen.

Assurance tamezwarut tella d twaltut. Imdanen i texelleṣen llan d wid i d-yettnafsen. Aɣamem yella akken ad ten-yexdem. Yal aḥeqqaq yuɣal ɣer uɣamem neɣ ad d-yuɣal ɣer iɛeggalen.

Assurance tamazgant d takebbant tunsibt s isnafaren. Aɣamem yella akken ad d-sselɣen tabzert. Yal asuter d anaqib. Yal premium d tabzert. Tahaseb n tnezzut tedda: jmaɛ aṭas akken tezmreḍ, sselli drust akken tezmreḍ, sefraq lefraɣ.

Aya d "float," d urar akk. Takebbant n assurance teṭṭef adrim-ik gar iseggasen i k-iqaɛeden d wussan i deg (ma yella) ad d-yexlleṣ asuter. Deg iseggasen-a, ssegrayen-d adrim-ik. Sselɣen ifuriyen n usegri. Kečč ur tetawiḍ acemma.

≈ ¼of Berkshire Hathaway’s revenue comes from its insurers: GEICO, General Re, BH Reinsurance

$152BWarren Buffett’s net worth, built almost entirely on float

60 yrsof cheap, long-duration capital that funded every other Berkshire investment

The insurance is the marketing. The investment income is the business.

Warren Buffett, i d-yusan d yiwen seg afɣaren imdanen di umaḍal s asnaƛaq n azal n $152 mliyaṛ, ibna afɣar-is akk ɣef float n assurance. Berkshire Hathaway s tikebbaniyin-is tirumman n assurance (GEICO, General Re, BH Reinsurance) sufuɣent-d azal n rrebɛa n umur n unsab akk n Berkshire yerna tt-fkant tafsut rxiset, d-yegguzren akud i wsefraq akk-nniḍen n Berkshire i sembeɛ iseggasen. Buffett yefhem, uqbel tuget n imdanen, belli tanzzut n assurance s yiman-is ur tesseḥwaǧ ad tlehu mliḥ ma yella float meqqer u yefef. Assurance d aselɣu. Awnak n usegri d takebbant.

Idda-d s tnumi? D nettan d anabaḍ am usafeg s iɣawasen-is n imileyen. Afares ay-d-yettwalin d aselɣu. Aktem n tdrimt deffir-s d takebbant n tidet.

Yiwen seg semmus

Atan tilawt tamazgant, s imḍanen seg 2023.

Iɣawasen US n teẓmert n bnadem yetwazenzen ɣer ssuq federalt sraren 19% n isutaren in-network. Isutaren out-of-network ttwasruren ɣef 37%. UnitedHealthcare d AvMed, sin seg iverdadiyen ifefan ugar, wwḍen ɣer azal n 33% n usrar.

19 of 100

claims denied on the first pass · Talemmast n tanezzut

Appealed: fewer than 1 in 100 denials
Reversed on appeal: more than 80% (Medicare Advantage)

Each token is one claim on a plan you already pay for. KFF 2023 ACA Marketplace data; CMS reporting.

Tasilet: KFF (Kaiser Family Foundation) 2023 ACA Marketplace data; CMS reporting. Yiwen seg xemsa n isutaren n usefra, ɣef uɣawas i tetxellseḍ-iten yakan, yettwasrar deg ugar amezwaru. Iverdadiyen ifefan ugar sraren yiwen seg tlata.

Iẓwiren tuget-nsen iberdeyatiyen. Aɣbel ifuhamen ugar i tsureh deg 2023 yekka-d "wayeḍ", yeɛni assurance ur d-tessumes ara ssbab. Wis-sin ifuhmin d "asefrek." Aḥric drus ttwasruren ɣef ssbabat n usefra n tidet.

Assurance n tkerrust d tin n wexxam xeddment am-nettat. Tetxellseḍ premium-ik iseggasen mebla aɣbel. Ass i deg yeḍra-k waddir, takebbant tcuqqu-d adjuster ay-iwumi axeddim ad d-yaf yal ssbab ay-ittwasruren usuter. Aderru asmaqlal. Ifecka ur usinen ara. Awal-awal n uɣawas. Tirewla deg uleɣmi. Sufuɣen-d ssumat tixxutaḍin. Tnaɣeḍ. Tuget n medden ḥebbsen.

Yerna atan aḥric icmaten: tikebbaniyin n assurance ssnent d acu i d-ideṛṛun mi imdanen ttnaɣen. Deg Medicare Advantage, tikebbaniyin n assurance ttuɣalen ɣef ugar n 80% n israr n usujji i ttwasutren. Deg ssuq, drus seg yiwen deg 100 n isutaren yettwasren i ttwasutren. Sraren tamezwarut, ssnen belli tuget n medden ur ttnaɣen ara. Asrar mačči d aɣutas ɣef usuter. D agtag. D abrid akken ad ḥerzen adrim deg float s uwedduy n umsaɣ.

Apiramid

Aḥric icmaten n tidet d akken tikebbaniyin n assurance s yiman-nsen msurnent. Sɣur tikebbaniyin nniḍen n assurance.

Yetwasem reinsurance, yerna ssuq amaḍlan yura azal n $500 mliyaṛ i useggas, yelhi ad yawweḍ ɣer $1 trilyun ar 2035. Akmaḍ n imsurnen ifazen, Munich Re, Swiss Re, Hannover Re, Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance, d SCOR, yittef azal n 40% n ssuq garesen.

Yal aleɣ ijemɛ ifuriyen yerna iṭṭef float. Mi yesseḥwaǧ aleɣ aktum ad yexlleṣ asuter, yal ssbab aɣarmi ur yetxelles-ara teqqim theyya deg iɛellan d-yufrar.

Yerna imsurnen s yiman-nsen sseqdacen retrocession, surnen-d assurance-nsen iman-nsen. Aɣamem yettwabeṭṭu yerna ittwafserrec ɣef tikebbaniyin armi ulac win i issnen anwa i yetwakkes s wacu. Mačci d ahmen. Akkenni i yetwabna unagraw amaḍlan n assurance. Yal aleɣ yejmaɛ ifuriyen. Yal aleɣ yettif float. Yal aleɣ yettawi awnak n usegri ɣef udrim i d-yeḍṛan, di tlemmas n pyramide aktum, sɣur umsaɣ ay-itxellisen premium n waggur.

Mi ara teḍru tegnit timeqrant n tidet, tagrist n udrim 2008, taneɣla, tigarit, aktum n pyramide i ittxellisen. Imsaɣen ur zmiren ad d-uɣen isutaren-nsen axaṭer assurance tamezwarut teqqar d force majeure. Assurance tamezwarut tetḥuf ɣer reinsurer, i itḥafan ɣer retro-reinsurer, i itḥafan ɣer iberdan n unsab. Yal yiwen yesɛa ssbab aɣarmi ur yexlles ara. Tasruri ttuɣal-d ɣer umsaɣ, ɣer win i ittxellisen tabzert, neɣ i sin.

Wali d acu i d-yeḍran s assurance n cyber deg iseggasen n usentem n ransomware ineqdal n 2020. Tikebbaniyin i texelelsen iseggasen n usaru cyber wlant, mi tetwaḍaqqaqent n tidet, belli iɣawasen-nsent sseffer "iɛkanen n yiɣaẓen," i ssemtawalen imsurnen akken ad gbren ikabaren n hacking-nni i ittwasunen sɣur iwannak. Lḥerz i tetḥasaben imsaɣen, msaren. Premia jemɛen-ten yakan u rran-ten d unsab. Tasruri tetwarra-d ɣer ifrigen.

Ssuq n umaḥbus

Akellex iteddu axaṭer di tuget n umaḍal isnernan, assurance d tunṣibt.

Ur tezmireḍ ad teseyyareḍ takerrust di yiwet tamurt isnernan mebla assurance. Ur tezmireḍ ad d-tagheḍ amgrad n usnaqal mebla assurance n wexxam. Ur tezmireḍ ad teseyyareḍ takebbant mebla assurance n urham. Di US, alma d 2019, ur tezmireḍ ad tetidireḍ mebla assurance n teẓmert, aɣaḍ amdanan yettɛuqub-ik ma ur tt-id-tuɣiḍ ara.

To drive a carAuto insuranceany developed country
To get a mortgageHome insuranceno policy, no mortgage
To run a businessLiability insuranceno policy, no business
To existHealth insuranceUS individual mandate, until 2019

You don’t get to opt out. You don’t get to negotiate.

D nettan d ssuq n umaḥbus. Ur tezmireḍ ad teffɣeḍ. Ur tezmireḍ ad txamleḍ. Tetawiḍ ayen i d-yefkan, tetxellseḍ ayen i k-d-yessuteren, sakin tessarameḍ ad ur tessqedceḍ ara. Axaṭer di lawan-nni i teɛriḍeḍ ad t-tesqedceḍ, takebbant ay-tetxellseḍ iseggasen tetuɣal seg isem amaẓlay ɣer aɛeqdan aɣarmi.

Iseyyaqaten? Tuget n usefrek n assurance yetwaxdam ɣef ualeɣ n tewlaya di US d uleɣ n unaman di Turuft, s iseyyaqaten i ittwaceḥnaẓen aṭas s tasnaɛit i isuver. Tewwurt iturran gar imusslalen n assurance d ikummiserin n assurance d ayen i ssnen aṭas. Aẓayan d acaṛn iseggasen n usefrek yetwakra, s ulemmes n umsaɣ i ittbanen iǧhed ɣef lkaɣed yerna ittfecel di laɣat.

Ayen i d-tuɣeḍ s tidet

Assurance, deg uɣanib-is amezwaru, tella d tikti tcebḥen. Tarbaɛt n imdanen tjemmaɛ tidrimin timecṭuḥin akken mi yili yiwen seg-sen seg taɣiwt, tarbaɛt ad t-tessanef. Aɣamem yetwabḍa, yiwen yiwen yettwaḥraz.

Aya ɛad yella, deg yebbuna. Tikebbaniyin n assurance taɛliwt (tikebbaniyin yelan ufus n bab n tearet, mačči n isnafaren) xeddmen ɣef unabaḍ amezwaru. Assurance n usegmes, yeɛlayen di kra n yiḥricen n Turuft, terra-d ayen yegran i iɛeggalen. Kra tikebbaniyin peer-to-peer n assurance ɛeṛḍent ad bnunt-id anabaḍ seg uqerru, s iggura yemxalafen.

Maca anabaḍ acemmir, tikebbaniyin tirumman n assurance s iẓayan i kraḍ wagguren d isnafaren i bɣan rebḥ, yesɛa-d arrayen i d-yeɛnan abrid yexlafen. Lxedma-nsen mačči d axlas n yisutaren. Lxedma-nsen d asawen n float, asrar n wayen zemren, d tririt n tferrut i isnafaren.

Assurance tamezwarut tella d taɣiwt yeḥrazen iman-is. Aleɣ amazgan d tasit tadrimt i isseqdacen premia-k d akcum n iberdan n unsab, tikwal yetwaqḍeɛ s ufafil n ad yexlleṣ asuter.

Ur tesɛiḍ ara assurance. Tesɛiḍ amgrad n usnek n tmacint n usrar.

Mi tɛerḍeḍ taggara-a ad tesqedceḍ afares i tetxellseḍ, ad teẓreḍ takebbant tessneket aslikem deg ɛecra n iseggasen iɛeddan tnezdeg n usefra aɣarmi d aɣesmar mgal-iken. Premium yella d aḥric ifesusen. Asuter d tigarit.

Warren Buffett yefhem belli tasnaɛit-a akk mačci d aselluf n medden. D ajmaɛ n unsab seg imileyen n imexlasen imecṭaḥen, asuden-is s tlemmast deg iberdan n unsab, yerna tasilet ɣef imsaɣen ifefan i ḥebbsen uqbel ad d-uɣen aktem.

Assurance d aẓayar. Assurance tlehu. Assurance d tikti n 4,000 iseggasen i texsren gar Hammurabi d IPO.

Ur tezmireḍ ad teffɣeḍ seg-s. Tezmreḍ kan ad tefhmeḍ d acu i tella s tidet. Afares n udrim, izenzen am useldi, yelan ufus n imdanen i irrebḥen mi texseteḍ.