Awi-d-uɣal tamukrasit tussridt

I

Awi-d-uɣal tamukrasit tussridt

Tikkelt yiwet di rebɛa iseggasen, tetfernaḍ.

Tferneḍ isem seg tabdart drust n imdanen i, n tidet, ur zediɣen ara di temdint-ik, ur ssinen ara taɣiwt-ik, ur ad k-d-rrent telifun. Tedduyen ɣer tlemmast n unaman. Ferrnen ɣef tegtin n isaḍufen. Ferrnen ɣef tigatin. Ferrnen ɣef ileqḍen n imelyaṛen. Ferrnen ɣef isaḍufen i d-uran ilubiyyisten i ur tezriḍ ara i tinezzin werǧin texdameḍ.

Tqebbleḍ ahat 30% n wayen i xeddmen. Ur tqebbleḍ ahat 40%. Ula ur tezriḍ ara ɣef ay-yegran.

D nettan d ayen i naɣ tamukrasit di 2026. D, di tilawt, autocratie tafrunt n rebɛa iseggasen s tferqas n marketing.

Tamukrasit tamazgant tjebr imileyen n imenflen di umur n imxedmin n iɣtasen. Anaqib n ujebber d azal n 5 imileyen i 1.

Amedya akkamenz n Igrikiyen yella d usrid. Yal aɣeram ilelli yezmer ad iruḥ ɣer Tagrumma di Athanat. Yal aɣeram yefrren s yiman-is ɣef yal aɣtas ameqran, taggara, alelqim, tinefqit tunsibt, aselelqim n imaḍaren. Aball n 500, i ittarra agbur, yetwafraen s lqurɛa seg uɣrim. Iɛeggalen ttuɣalen-d. Ulac win ittfan tazmert n tilawit. Iɣtasen imeqranen yetwakraz-itent yal yiwen, yetwafarn-itent yal yiwen, yetwaxdam-itent sɣur imdanen i ad uɣalen d ifeḷḷaḥen d iqecceren mbaɛd setta n waguren.

Maca ssuffɣ ayen i d-illan Athanat. Tella tamdint tameẓẓit. Ɣef 30,000 n 60,000 n yergazen yesɛan tanesbaḍt, deg tmurt n 250,000 n 300,000 n medden. Timeẓẓiyin, iqqimen d imɣiwen ur yesɛin ara taɣuli. Seg 451 n snat n qbel Lmasiḥ, ilaq ad tesɛu yiwen yimawlan atinasiyen i yiwen seg yimdanen i d-iṭṭfen tanesbaḍt. Anagraw-a d tamɣart n yergazen mxelfen yeɛqel-d, ttmeslayen s tutlayt yewḥed, ttwasmiɣen s yiwen yiman, ttuɣalen ɣer yiwen wedrar. Ttnadin-t mebla amagur n uzeṛǧ, mebla ṭṭrib iqeddcen i ufran n yiwen wawal. *

Yuɣal ukud-nni, ttuɣal. Qabel tamukrasit, yiwen n yimawlan n teɣlibin yeqqim deg tmurt s-snat n 50 n yiseggasen. Deg 411 n snat n qbel Lmasiḥ, 400 n yergazen ilelli fellan wid n tmurt s uzyar. Deg 404, mbaɛd ma ffɣen Atinas deg wedrar n Sparta, 30 n yergazen sferɣen s teɣṛest u qteln kra n 1,500 n yiɣeramen deg ṛebɛa n useggas. Ticki-nni, tajmaɛt tenna-d uzzal-is: deg 427 n snat n qbel Lmasiḥ, Tagrumma tessuffeɣ ad tqetl akk yergazen n Mytilene, u tɛawed tesmeḥ-d tɣawsa azekka i wakken ad tt-tesrureɛ tikkelt-nniḍen. Deg 406, qtalen sitta n yiɣeramen imeqranen n yiɣeramen n ṭṭfen tanesbaḍt. Deg 399 n snat n qbel Lmasiḥ, tejmilt n yiɣeramen qtelen Suqrat. *

Aqqaɛ n tasertit yeqqim d ameqran: iɣeramen ur ttɛeddin ara tasertit-nsen i yiwen wemdan iqqimen, u yal tikkelt yettwaǧǧa wid i tt-ṭṭfen, ttuɣalen-d. Maca Athanat d tahmuqt belli tazmert tezmer ad tili. Mačči d tawinit ara tezmer ad tt-tnesxeḍ. *

Ruma yesɛa asentel n tɣaṛa ddaw-nni. Tagrumma n Senat tesɛa ṭṭaɛa n yergazen imeqranen, maca itrubunen n iplebsen zemren ad gadlen iɣtasen n Senat, ad d-snefen isaḍufen srid i medden, yerna sken iɣeramen ɛadi s lḥeqq aɣaramni n sacrosanctitas, ur ttuɣalen ad ttwawten, yerna ddnub ɣer yiwen seg-sen d ddnub n teneɣla. Iqunṣulen sɛan i yiwen useggas kan. Tazmert tetwabeṭṭu, tetwannaɣ, tetwakraz s wakud.

Deg tdeqsa kan. Deg uɣrim, yergazen imeqranen ssnulfun abrid i wakken ad ttɛeddin. Ttnaḍan imenzaɣ, u Ruma tesmeḥ-d ilugan timeɣṛaḍin ur ttɛeddin ara, acku ilugan imezwura ur ddaran ara. Ttnaḍan tafrat n uɣeṛɣer d aẓeṭṭa. Deg 133 n snat n qbel Lmasiḥ, imdanen n uɣrim n Senat sen-yawi yiwen n utrubun ad yegr yiwen-nniḍen, u deg useggas-nni i yettwaqtel Tibirius Gracchus, amesbedri, s tɣawsiwin n yergazen n Senat. Deg 59 n snat n qbel Lmasiḥ, yiwen n uqunṣul yella ad yefsex yal ǧǧ n ilugan s ulugan, s wakken ad yini belli yettɛass ilqayen n yiɣiḍ. Taggara-nni d tuqqna: ssuma n tmurt d ayen i d-yeqqimen deg tɣawsa n optimates, aɣelbanen n Senat, ɣer yal ussan. *

Ttnaḍan d tɣawsa. Sulla qqim fell-as deg Ruma s ṭṭuqal ɣer uqessi deg 88 n snat n qbel Lmasiḥ. Qeysar yuɣal-d yuɛawed deg 49, mbaɛd ma ilaq ad iffeɣ ɣer lesker-is ttuɣalen yilqayen n Senat. Tarrawt tadamant n Ruma tettɛeddi kra n 500 n yiseggasen, u taggara-nni d tuɣalin n yeqqimen ɣef yiwen wakud. Ur d-tefsa ara acku medden ɛeddin s ccekla. Tefsa acku aṭas n yergazen yesɛan lkilu ad yeɛṛeḍ kra, alamma d yiwen wergaz kan i yezmer ad yeskeṛ ayen yesɛa ddaw n ccekla. Dagi d Tadamant, ula d tamuɣli i tt-yeqqim am-nettwali. *

Ula d Suis, i yeqqimen s tamukrasit tussridt alamma tura. Deg yiɣiren n Glarus d Appenzell Innerrhoden, iɣermanen ɛad mlalent deg tagrumma timallayt, landsgemeinde, yerna ferrnen ɣef isaḍufen s ucufu n ifassen, deg umkan amallay. Deg uleɣ federalt, iɣeramen iswisaten ferren rebɛa n tikkal i useggas ɣef referendumen i d-iggar tabzert, taminbut, tigatin n berra, ibeddilen i tmendawt, ḥedd kra yesɛan azal. Yal tarbaɛt n iɣeramen tezmer ad teḥettem referendum ɣef yal asaḍuf s ujmaɛ n 50,000 n ucaṛa. Anaru d akken anaman n Suis, ugar n yal yiwen deg umaḍal isnerni, ilaq ad d-yefk tasertit i yeqebbel uɣaɛs.

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Newwi aḥric icmaten n umedya n Iruman, tazmert tetwaceggḍ deg uball amecṭuḥ n imusnawen ttkemmilen, newweḍ aḥric yelhan, asebɣes n weɣrim.

Tferreneḍ amuwakkal. Seg tessint i deg iṭṭef axeddim, isnasen-is ur d-ddunent ara akkw d ayinek. Itarra-d i:

Kečč d aḥric n imerza 6 deg tebdart-a, deg umkan ifazen. Anagraw mačči yerẓa s wakken ur d-iteddu ara akken ad isekken d-yexdam. Yerẓa s wakken d acu i tt-yexdmen yebda yefri yexdem i medden azal n tsut aya.

II

Atan annas i d-iteddu deg tezraft n tmukrasit deg yecudraren-iseggasen. Tikti ay-illan ddaw-as tlha.

One million citizens, four courses of stone

0.0% of the people who chose your delegate have signed for a recall

5%

Still serving, for as long as they keep representing the people who chose them.

Yal amuwakkal d aɛqal yiwen seg medden i t-id-ferrnen. Tukksa tedda s yiman-is ɣef 5% n usruḥ n usebɛem. Ulac win i d-ittjmaɛen tazmert n tilawit.

Iɣeramen ttwasududen ɣef uleɣ adignan. Yal 1,000 yiɣeramen ferrnen yiwen umuwakkal seg-sen. Amuwakkal mačci d aserdas, d argaz n tnabbawt s uxeddim-is yefren tamasiwt ɣef akud yefren.

1,000 n imuwakkalen seg umnaḍ ttfernen, garesen, 100 imuwakkalen deg uleɣ amnaḍen. Tuksa-nni. Akud-nni.

100 imuwakkalen imnaḍanen seg yal amnaḍ ferrnen 10 deg uleɣ aɣelnaw. 10-i fkan iwellihen i tsertit taɣelnawt.

Ulac aṭun asertan amwabbal. Ulac imewjaden. Ulac ikabaren, neɣ ahat assaɣen ifellen kan. Yal amuwakkal deg yal aleɣ d aɛqal yiwen seg umizar-is anṣaɛiyan, yerna yettmuwwabbel srid ɣer medden i t-id-fernen, yerna tukksa teḍṛa srid yerna s lwakti. Ma yerreẓ usebki-ines ugar n uɣanim amecṭuḥ, am 5%, ad t-id-kksen. Ulac aɣanib n tefrunt. Ulac aẓwig n rebɛa iseggasen. Mebla tukksa, anagraw yetuɣal ɣer wasebki ɛadi, d ayen i nesɛa yerna ay-ur iteddun ara. S tukksa, asnas yedduri: imuwakkalen ilaq ad rrn-d s tlawit asebki n imdanen-nni i ten-id-fernen, axaṭer imdanen-nni zemren ad jbeden ssaḥra deg yal asefḍ. *

III

Ur tesseḥwajeḍ ara ad tmuqleḍ kan amazray amezgar. Imusnawen imazganen n usertan ttuyalen yett ɣef ayagi.

Tamukrasit talilqit d isem aɣaranab n unagraw anida iɣeramen zemren ad fern srid ɣef yal aɣbel, neɣ ad d-mekklen tafrent-nsen ɣef usentel umaẓlay i bnadem umnen, yerna ad sruɣen amkal-a ass yebɣu yili. Akabar Apirat Almani d nutni i yesseqdcen amezwaru anagraw axeddam i waya, LiquidFeedback, yerna isseqdec-it i tnabaḍt tagensant. Loomio di Zelanda Tamaynut yebna inurra imeẓyanen. Tanabbaḍt n Estonya tessenfa tisɣiyin seg aya s tafrut-is tamuṭnant.

Tamukrasit n umuwakkel d amedya yemxalef ifelen anida imuwakkalen ttawin tferrint n tidet n imdanen i ten-id-fernen, ihi amuwakkal i ittwalin 1,000 yiɣeramen yefre 1,000 yiferrey, mačči yiwen. Aya yefkar amuwakkalen asuref iwallaen: tezmreḍ ad twaliḍ akken n tidet amek yefre ɣef yal aɣbel, yerna ma yefre s wakken sruɣen imdanen i t-id-fernen.

Imasal-en yedduyen ɣer uɣbel azur n tmukrasit tasebkat: asebkayt, mi tetwafka, ur tezmir ad tetwakkes s tezzla yelaq. Aẓwig n tefrunt n rebɛa iseggasen yefuhem aṭas. Amaḍal amazgan d-yettak iɣtasen imeqranen yal simana.

Tikti-yi tetwaɛeṛḍ di Libya seg 1977 ddaw n Muammar Gaddafi. Adlis Azegzaw-is yenna-d anasen pyramidan am-nettan n Itigrumman n imdanen d Tirubaɛ n imdanen, s imuwakkalen i d-yetwakksen seg ddaw. Iɣeramen llan d iɛeggalen ɛqlay deg tagrumma-nsen tadignant. Ulac ikabaren isertanen.

Ur yedda ara, yerna afecel yelmedl. Gaddafi yeṭṭef anasen ufayan n "Atumal Anekrazi" deffir n waki n tmukrasit tunsibt, yettsey ɣef tserdast, isakuyen n laman, d tferrut n nnafṭi. Tigrumman n imdanen llant n tidet, maca ulac tazmert ɣef tɣawsiwin i sɛant azal n tidet. Tikti tlha-d. Asnas yetwaḥkar sɣur uleɣ n tazmert i waselway werǧin yruḥ.

The Green Book, as built

Show what sat outside it

Aleqdem mačči d akken tamukrasit tussridt ur teddu ara. D akken yal aleɣ-is ilaq ad iettwasuneɣ s teɣrest belli kra ad iɛred ad t-icabret seg ufella. Amedya Aswisi yedduri axaṭer ulac n ulli n "Atumal Anekrazi." Amedya n Athanat idda axaṭer ulac umdan i tetwaǧǧa ad yili n tilawt. Alɣa unsib waḥd-s ur d-yegri ara. *

IV

Tuget n wayen yerẓan deg usertan n tura iteddu ɣer yiḍer-nni: iɣtasen i d-fkan medden ur ttalalin ineggura.

Amuwakkel yefr i trad. Ur ittnaɣ ara. Arrac-is ur ttnaɣen ara. Yedda axxam-is ɣer talwit.

Amuwakkel yefr i tukksa n tbazart i d-yetwaxalsen s urham. Yuɣal d arnabi ɣef tafrent uqbel ad d-tas lefatuṛa.

Amuwakkel yefr i wesqer n tegnatit. Yetidir deg uɣir n imerkanten ur nliẓ ara s usefra.

Mi llan imdanen ittwaxedmen iɣtasen ilaq ad iddren d ineggura n iɣtasen, iɣtasen lhin ugar. Mačci ḥerz. Mačci tarwa. Maca yetwacaben, s wamek ad asebki n tura ur tezmir.

Aɛqal i ilaq ad immal imdanen i d-yetwala yal simana di uceddem ad ifre s tarrayt mxalaft seg umuwakkal aɣelnaw i ittsafgan ɣer wexxam-is yiwen tikkelt i waggur. Acudd n usuref, yerẓan tura, yetuɣal-d.

Aslaḍ n ssuma n tidet. Ayagi mačči d ilelli. Tamukrasit tussridt ttawel ɣef tuget n iɣbalan. Tigaratin n berra tikwal sseḥwajen aɣtas di ɛecrin n tdaqiqin. Anagraw i d-iḥettmen amegrayen d agim n imuwakkalen ur izmir ad d-yefk ayagi. Kra n tasitin, anekkar di lawan n trad, tasiwiyin n bank ameqran, tririwin n usefrek itzamren, sseḥwajen tirubaɛ timeẓyanin xeddment s tezzla.

Asegmaḍ d ahybridan. Tuget n iɣtasen ttalin ɣer pyramide. Tabdart drust tedmast, tariri n tegnit, asefrek atikniki, tasertit n iqectaqen, teqim ɣur tirubaɛ tameẓyanin s sunset clauses d wasenqed n weɣrim mbaɛd. Tuget n iɣtasen ixatarnin mazal ttalin ɣer ugim.

Taẓẓalt tamezwarut d tin i yeqqimen s teɣzi. Yergazen n tutlayt yenna belli ad ten-yerr akken ad ttwali. Ɣef 1776, Bensilvanya tarra tasertit-is tafellahat deg tmurtiyin tiqburin: yiwen n uɣrim, iqqim yal aseggas, ulac amsebbel s ccekla, u yal aɣaraw n tmuɣli yettwabder yeqqim alamma ad yawi asentel mbaɛd, ɣer ussan-nniḍen. Imdanen n tutlayt ttwasuffɣen yal yiwen, ṭṭfen-t. James Madison yenna belli timukraṭiyin timẓiyin "ttwasmiɣen s tudert-nsen ceqqan am akken ttwasmiɣen s lmut-nsen". Bensilvanya tuɣal-d ɣer tasertit-nni deg 1790. Tmurt n Tmerikt tessenna Senat, aselway, u tiwwura n arba n iseggasen. *

Ttwalan s wayen i d-ttawin deg wawal n tɣawsa, maca ur ttwalan ara s tɣawsiwin. Athanat tbedd-d tɣawsa: yiwen umesmeslay mlih d yiwen wass aɣerfan. Maca tabrat i ten-ṭṭfen d tuqqna: ajeddi n medden d tsertit, u dagi i yessuɣ. Tasertit n pyramide tesɛa tabrat-nniḍen. Ulac win yettmeslayen s tɣawsa n imdanen n milyun. Umuwakkal yettmeslay i medden i ten-iẓran. Iɣtasen imeqranen ttawin tiniḍ wis sin n tɣawsa ɣer tadelwit n tɣawsa, am akken Athanat tt-tesrureɛ Mytilene, u Bensilvanya tesmeḥ i ilugan-is ad ilmeɛ. *

Yella daɣen uɣilif n unsefra populistan. Tamukrasit tussridt deg ufuk amxalef tessufuɣ-d iɣtasen am Brexit, tafrent tagdazlt ɣef iɣbalan imukpli aṭas mebla aẓayan n inɣawasen ad ten-ixemmem mliḥ. Iswisaten zenfen ayagi s tnabbawt n irefrendumen imeẓyanen yetɛeddan i d-yebnan tasekla taɣaramt s lweqt. Stestaqsayen meyyat n isteqsiyen meẓyanen yal aseggas, yerna asebki yettmalen.

Anagraw n tura yetwabna meẓlay yerna ur d-yettak asebɛem n imdanen. Anagraw asrid i d-yetwabnan s lemḥasab ur d-yetili ara amwakel, maca ad iɣleq aweld n wayen ay-bɣan medden d wayen i tt-xeddment tnabaḍin-nsen.

Aql-aɣ neselḥa n tegnatin n 21-rad amḍan-iseggasen s tatiknulujit n usertan n 18-rad amḍan-iseggasen. Tamendawt Tamerikt tetwaru mi yeswa wawal yaweḍ seg tlemmast n tewlaya ɣer Washington snat n simanat ɣef siyseyya. Akken nebna anagraw i issuden akk ɣer tarbaɛt tamecṭuḥt n imussalen, ulac afaḍ-nniḍen.

Ackal-nni ulac-it. Yal aɣeram ɣur-s tafrut n teɣwalt ugar deg uǧib-is ugar n yelan ɣur tanabbaḍt akk n United States di 1850. Iɣtasen i sseḥwajen wagguren n usafer afakkan d ifusyalen yetwaru, tura zemren ad d-fkan-ten imileyen n medden deg yiwen waman, s usebḍer, s talɣut taṣwib, s usuref iwallaen.

Tatiknulujit tella. Imedyaten tezrayin llan. Iɛlaqen amaẓray, Athanat, Iruman, Suis, llan. Acu yegran d tabaɣest tasertant akken ad ttwabnu, axaṭer imdanen i sɛan tazmert tura d wid ur tt-sɛun.

Tamukrasit tussridt mačci d tawerga. D asteqsi ma nebɣa ad nkemmel ad netxellis tigrumma tussridt tassertant akken ad d-tefk iɣtasen i nukni, neɣ ma nebɣa ad nebdu ad ten-d-nefk s yiman-aɣ.

Igrikiyen fhemen ayagi 2,500 iseggasen aya. Nezmer akkenni ad t-nrebbeḥ.